In Mahayana Buddhism, Chintamani is held by the bodhisattvas, Avalokiteshvara and Ksitigarbha. : 277 It is also referred to as Paras/Parasmani ( Sanskrit: पारसमणि, Hindi: पारस) or Paris ( Marathi: परिस). The equivalent of the philosopher's stone in Buddhism and Hinduism is the Cintamani, also spelled as Chintamani. : 28–30 Renaissance to early modern period Magnus does not confirm he discovered the stone in his writings, but he did record that he witnessed the creation of gold by "transmutation". A leading opponent was the Persian polymath Avicenna (Ibn Sina), who discredited the theory of the transmutation of substances, stating, "Those of the chemical craft know well that no change can be effected in the different species of substances, though they can produce the appearance of such change." : 196–197Īccording to legend, the 13th-century scientist and philosopher, Albertus Magnus, is said to have discovered the philosopher's stone. In the 11th century, there was a debate among Muslim world chemists on whether the transmutation of substances was possible. The elixir powder came to be regarded as a crucial component of transmutation by later Arab alchemists. It was often considered to exist as a dry red powder (also known as al-kibrit al-ahmar, red sulfur) made from a legendary stone-the philosopher's stone. This change would be mediated by a substance, which came to be called xerion in Greek and al-iksir in Arabic (from which the word elixir is derived). From this premise, it was reasoned that the transmutation of one metal into another could be effected by the rearrangement of its basic qualities. He theorized that every metal was a combination of these four principles, two of them interior and two exterior. Fire was both hot and dry, earth cold and dry, water cold and moist, and air hot and moist. The eighth-century Muslim alchemist Jabir ibn Hayyan ( Latinized as Geber) analyzed each classical element in terms of the four basic qualities. Byzantine and Arab alchemists were fascinated by the concept of metal transmutation and attempted to carry out the process. In the Byzantine Empire and the Arab empires, early medieval alchemists built upon the work of Zosimos. In the seventeenth century, Thomas Vaughan writes, "the first matter of the stone is the very same with the first matter of all things." : 211 Middle Ages The importance of this philosophical first matter persisted throughout the history of alchemy. Prima materia is also the name alchemists assign to the starting ingredient for the creation of the philosopher's stone. : 29 According to Plato, the four elements are derived from a common source or prima materia (first matter), associated with chaos. Alchemists later used the classical elements, the concept of anima mundi, and Creation stories presented in texts like Plato's Timaeus as analogies for their process. The theoretical roots outlining the stone's creation can be traced to Greek philosophy. The legend of the stone was also compared to the biblical history of the Temple of Solomon and the rejected cornerstone described in Psalm 118.
This knowledge was said to have been passed down through biblical patriarchs, giving them their longevity.
Elias Ashmole and the anonymous author of Gloria Mundi (1620) claim that its history goes back to Adam, who acquired the knowledge of the stone directly from God. : 66 Alchemical writers assign a longer history. The earliest known written mention of the philosopher's stone is in the Cheirokmeta by Zosimos of Panopolis ( c. Efforts to discover the philosopher's stone were known as the Magnum Opus ("Great Work"). The philosopher's stone was the central symbol of the mystical terminology of alchemy, symbolizing perfection at its finest, enlightenment, and heavenly bliss. It is also called the elixir of life, useful for rejuvenation and for achieving immortality for many centuries, it was the most sought-after goal in alchemy. The philosopher's stone, or more properly philosophers' stone ( Arabic: حجر الفلاسفة, romanized: ḥajar al-falāsifa Latin: lapis philosophorum), is a mythic alchemical substance capable of turning base metals such as mercury into gold ( chrysopoeia, from the Greek χρυσός khrusos, "gold", and ποιεῖν poiēin, "to make") or silver. The Alchymist, in Search of the Philosopher's Stone by Joseph Wright of Derby, 1771.
0 kommentar(er)
